General Principles Of A Leader - 1298 Words

There can never be a step-by-step guide for how to be a leader. The world is so varied and the situations that call for leadership so wide-ranging that one approach can never work in all cases. This means that a leader must be able to adjust his or her approach based on the circumstances. However, despite the lack of a universal â€Å"right way† to be a leader, there are general principles of leadership that have broad applicability and will make a leader more successful in any situation. The most important of these principles are for the leader to understand the domain, respect people, and set and maintain focus even in the face of obstacles. One quality that makes a leader effective understanding of domain. A domain is the context in which†¦show more content†¦A good Facility Manager should also understand what the collected data means and what it conveys to others who will look at it. To reach this level of understanding the leader must always be learning. He or she must make a habit of knowing about everything and its context. The small, the big, and the merely tangential things that affect every aspect of the domain must be areas of study for a good leader. This is an example of systems thinking as described by Daft (2015, p. 144). At the Facility Manager level, this field of inquiry might range from understanding how a custodian cleans a particular building, to what the new NPS policy regarding Recreation Fee projects means, to what the political implications of closing a particular facility are. A superb Facility Manager will understand how all of the divisions of their park operate and the outward rippling implications of the actions and decisions of each. It is an impossible task for any leader to have all of this knowledge all of the time. As a result, just as important as â€Å"knowing† is knowing when one does not know. A good leader is always able to admit a lack of expertise, will know where to go for the answer, and will not hesitate to go there and get it. Admitting lack of understanding is the first step on the road to full comprehension and a good leader will not claim more knowledge than he or she possesses. Even if it were possible to know everything about his or her domain, doing so would not be enough by

Autism a Communication and Social Disorder Free Essays

Autism is a brain disorder that is characterized by impaired social interaction and delayed communication skills. (Segal, 1996) Children with Autism show signs of delay in the first two years of life. Many times parents notice that their child demonstrates repetitive behaviors, or likes to spin objects, line things up or has an affinity for sameness. We will write a custom essay sample on Autism a Communication and Social Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some children with Autism have difficulty with transitions from one activity to another and are not able to regulate their senses. The range of these behaviors varies and that is why Autism is called a spectrum disorder. Many times, children will exhibit one or several of the symptoms. Children who exhibit fewer symptoms are diagnosed with PDD or Pervasive Developmental Delay, while children who have many of the symptoms are termed Autistic. There is recent research that shows that autism may be caused by genetics which are related to how the brain develops in early childhood. In the article, Autism and Brain development, Nancy Shute reports that some kind of mutations of genes that are important to language development may be the cause of autism in some children. Daniel Geschwind is researching the fact that these genes are sometimes turned on or off depending on the brains experiences. † (Shute). There is also a chance that â€Å"structural damage will be found, and this damage could be anything from microscopic to the grossly visible, from faults inside nerve cells to faulty development of whole cell systems. † (Frith) The causes of Autism are still being explored, but the more important thing is how people are diagnosed and treated for it. The symptoms of Autism are variable, and usually different in each child. Delay of language development, lack of social skills and lack of eye contact are a few of the symptoms. Because there is a range in the severity of the symptoms the diagnosis and treatment of autism varies and is an interesting process. The diagnosis of autism is based on a behavioral check list. â€Å"Because a diagnosis is a label or shorthand for treatment, it needs to correspond to the services to the child needs in the immediate future. † (Siegel) The parents, teachers, developmental pediatrician and sometimes other therapists all contribute to the assessment. The CHAT, Checklist of Autism in Toddlers is one way that pediatricians screen children under 2 years old for Autism. For children 4 years and older, a Social Communication Questionnaire is often used. These screenings rely on parent report and the observation of a diagnostic team. Then the child will be referred to a developmental pediatrician or a psychologist who is trained in diagnosis of Autism. There are several diagnostic tools, usually developmental checklists, and parent report along with a team of professionals who look at the behavioral symptoms that are characteristic of this disorder. The team of professionals who diagnosis autism typically include the parent, speech therapist, teacher, pediatrician and occupational therapist. The most widely used diagnostic tool for Autism is the ADOS, (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule). The North Bay Regional Center uses this to diagnose children with autism in this area. There are also other centers, the Mind Institute with is part of the University of Davis medical Center, where they focus only on diagnosis of Autism spectrum disorders. Bryna Siegel is a Psychologist who works at UCSF and has her own diagnostic clinic. Each case of autism has its own individual characteristics ranging between its cause, its diagnosis and the life long treatment. After being diagnosed, different therapy options are presented; PECS, play therapy and discrete trial are the three more commonly used treatments. What is best for children with Autism is an early diagnosis, and intensive speech and language therapy which includes the family. Dr. Stanly Greenspan has developed the â€Å"Floortime† approach to helping families learn to interact with their children. â€Å"Autism and ASD’s involve difficulties in relating forming relationships, communicating, and thinking. (Greenspan) Play therapy also gives parents a chance to learn to communicate nonverbally with their autistic child. One of the most effective styles of play therapy is called floor time. â€Å"In playing with their child, parents can help her develop her social skills and also connect with their child through this nonverbal style of communication. The floor time/play therapy that a speech therapist directs is used to â€Å"harness the child’s natural interests. † (Greenspan) in doing so they are able to â€Å"get a picture of what she finds enjoyable, what motivates her. (Greenspan) and is considered as the best method for supporting the language and social communication development of the child with autism. Speech therapy is one of the most important pieces of the team approach to help children with Autism develop social and communication skills. The goal of speech therapy in working with children with autism is to help the child communicate her needs and wants. A specific therapy program is individualized for each child. There are as many programs as there are children. There are a wide range of therapies that facilitate language development in children with Autism. Normally language and play go off one another when both are impaired; they are likely to mutually inhibit the development of the other. † (Siegel) While there are other therapies, play therapy is considered one of the most effective ways to understand nonverbal communication in autism. Children with Autism can benefit from play therapy. The therapy is based on the child’s own interests. Children with autism do not play with toys in a functional way. â€Å"One thing that is often different about the sensory development of autistic children is its repetitiveness. This is also referred to as perseveration. Instead of pulling a string or handle on a â€Å"speak and say† five or six times, the autistic of PDD child may engage in such an activity for 20 minutes without stopping. † (Siegle) Play therapy teaches the child to play with toys in ways that use imagination and are symbolic. And since imagination is obscured in autistic minds this is very important. Even though it may not be clear in a young child it can be observed in some situations such as a â€Å"Two year old autistic children (who) ‘play telephone’. They pick up the receiver and punch the buttons on the toy phone. Then they put the receiver down, less often will you see the autistic two year yammering, as if talking to someone. What is really never seen in the successive ‘calls’ – say to grandma, big bird, or the family dog. That type of elaboration on a toy thing is beyond the slope of imagination of most autistic children instead, the physical actions copied strictly from what has been observed in the past is playlalia. † (Siegle) Play and speech therapy, paired with pictures is one of the ways that speech therapists and parents encourage language. Often the child with Autism uses a picture to exchange for a desired item this is called PECS. This picture exchange system is important and can be used after observing and playing with the child to determine what toys the child is interested in. It is used as a stepping stone for communication with the outside world. The picture exchange system is a way for children with Autism to communicate using pictures. This is a good way for them to make their needs and wants met. Many children with autism have tantrums or do not want to cooperate with their teacher or parents. The best way to find out what a child with autism wants is to use this simple system. Since many people on the autism spectrum tend to learn visually, it makes good sense to communicate with images. Just as important, images are a universal means of communication – and they are just as understandable by strangers or young peers by parents or therapists. † (Rudy) When the parent knows what the child wants, they can use the picture of the desired item as a reinforcer to help the child cooperate with the parents directions. Sometimes the parent will offer the child two pictures as choices. Other times the parent can use the picture of an activity that needs to be accomplished and a picture of a desired item. Then the parent can say, first wash hands and then you can have bubbles. The child learns this routine and is able to communicate, and follow the parent’s directions. There is a more complex style of picture exchange system where the speech therapist starts with one item paired with an object. The speech therapist then asks the child â€Å"want cookie†, showing the child a picture of a cookie and the cookie. When the child understands that the picture represents the cookie then the child is ready to use the pictures for other choices. Later the child is using pictures to help form sentences. There are many ways that speech therapists use pictures to encourage language. Often the speech therapist works with the behaviorist to develop a system that will provide reinforcers for the child. These reinforcers help the child to stay motivated during therapy. The behavioral therapy or Discrete Trials therapy is often used along with speech therapy. â€Å"Discrete trial training is conducted using intensive drills of selected materials. A specific behavior is prompted or guided, and children receive reinforcement for proper responses. † (What is Discrete Trial Training? This is a program that teaches a child with autism specific information in small units which are less distracting for the child. Because children with autism are so distractible or may want to obsess on spinning or other behaviors, the discrete trial helps them to focus on learning vocabulary, names of animals, math and pre reading skills. The occupational therapist is also important to the treatment of children with Autism. This therapist often uses sensory integration techniques to help the child with Autism develop self regulation. Many of the children with autism have self stimulatory behaviors with are sometimes their way to regulate, their senses. These self stimulatory behaviors may not be as effective as the specific movement, vestibular, or deep pressure, proprioceptive, or sensory, touch and brushing that the occupational therapist uses. The parents of the child with autism are invited to observe what the therapist recommends, and then they can use many of the recommendations at home to help calm their child. Many children with autism are sensitive to loud noises, and are sometimes very sensitive to tags in the back of their shirts, or the seams on their socks. The book, â€Å"The Out of Sync Child† by Carol Stock Kranowitz, has many suggestions for children who are sensitive to noise, light, and touch. The research is clear that the first step is early intervention using a team approach early diagnosis and treatment specific to the individual child is the most helpful thing you can do. Although it takes patience and understanding (with the trial and error); with the numerous treatments available every child can be helped. The diagnosis is the first step, and when treatment is started early, the team approach is the beginning of optimal treatment for the child. How to cite Autism a Communication and Social Disorder, Essay examples

Uni Essay free essay sample

Forecast for such times is essential to gain maximum potential in mimes of plenty and to be able to diversify and concentrate more on new markets as the golfing industry is mainly seasonal sport within N. Ireland, mainly due to poor weather from the early Autumn months to late spring. Bloomberg is aware of the importance of the environmental impact on the planet and aimed to minimize the adversities of pollution. Michael Bloomberg believes that the traditional sources of pollution, such as coal and oil, should be replaced by environment friendly products.To build more parks and scrounging private car usage is high among significant priorities (Anonymous, 2012). He has donated $2. 4 billion so far to various organizations. Bloomberg philanthropists are working on key areas such as education, the arts, the environment, government activities and public health. Michael Bloomberg, being the Chairman of the CA Cities Climate Leadership Group, in collaboration with the globally largest cities, is working to introduce climate mitigation programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Uni Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The purpose is to mitigate gas emissions to void the deleterious effects for a green environment. Another investment is made in the Sierra Clubs Beyond Coal Campaign to reduce the US major polluting coal plants by one third by 2020 (Michael Bloomberg, 2012). Northern Ireland Tourist Board (UNIT), Tourism Facts, 2013. Industry rivalry: With the local area having five local golf courses all with there own in house outlets for golfing equipment and a multi national sports store that also has a share in the local market.

Ship in a Bottle

Introduction This report evaluates the strategic options for â€Å"ship in a bottle† company as it expands into the global market. In this expansion, five prospective markets (Asia, South America, Australia, Middle East, and Africa) emerge.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ship in a Bottle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To establish the probabilities of succeeding in these markets, this report evaluates the product sold (through the harmonized classification code), the criteria for selecting the foreign markets, export strategy to use, export intermediaries to use, and any cultural issues that the company needs to consider (before it ventures in the foreign markets). Comprehensively, this report shows that â€Å"ship in a bottle† company needs to consider the uniqueness of every market and formulate a customized market entry approach that complements the dynamics of every market. Harmonized Classi fication Code The harmonized classification code for â€Å"ship in a bottle† is 9706. This code falls under works of art, collectors’ pieces, and antiques. Code 9706 defines antiques that are more than a century old (Foreign Trade On-Line, 2012, p. 2). Since â€Å"ship in a bottle† is a historical nautical product, it classifies as an antique that is more than a century old. Foreign Markets The prospective foreign markets for â€Å"ship in a bottle† are Australia, South America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. These markets have a lot of potential because they offer unique market dynamics that are favorable for the introduction of the company’s product. Australia Some Australian communities appreciate the shipping culture and the associated value of nautical products. The Southeast coast of Queensland is one such community (Ships in Bottles, 2010). With a market that appreciates nautical products, Australia also has many unique cultural institut ions that provide a ready market for the sale of culturally rich products like â€Å"ship in a bottle†. For example, the Sydney Maritime Museum, Williamstown Maritime Museum (Victoria), New Castle Maritime Museum (New South Wales), Maritime Museum of Tasmania (Tasmania), and the Queensland Maritime Museum (Brisbane) stock such kind of products (Ships in Bottles, 2010). â€Å"Ship in a bottle† company can therefore market its products to these museums.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Middle East Some foreign markets like the Middle East also share the same profile as Australia because some sections of the Middle East have a very rich shipping heritage. This heritage stems from past years of the Arab trade, where many Arab traders traversed the world to buy and sell goods. However, while focusing on the Middle East market, it is important to highlight the import ance of targeting areas that have a strong economic potential. Developed countries in the Middle East, such as, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia are attractive destinations for the launch of new nautical products. Moreover, these destinations have a deep internet penetration (plus an established e-commerce industry) that support internet sales. It is easier for â€Å"ship in a bottle† company to thrive in such destinations. Africa By focusing on Africa as a viable market for â€Å"ship in a bottle† company, it is crucial to show that some parts of Africa share the same market profile as most sections of the Middle East. For example, many parts of North Africa share the same demographics as the Middle East. Therefore, countries such as Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, and Eritrea share the same market profile as most Middle East countries. Therefore, the same market potential highlighted in the Middle East market also applies to Africa. South America South America is also another potential market for â€Å"ship in a bottle† because it is a rapidly growing market that offers immense economic potential for companies that intend to be global. Notable countries in South America, which have posed a significant economic potential include Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Argentina. These economies are highly diverse and liberalized. Therefore, there is no significant barrier to entry for â€Å"ship in a bottle†. Asia Finally, â€Å"ship in a bottle† should also venture into some selected Asian markets because of their favorable demographics and immense economic potential. Asia is unique to other markets described in this report because the region has a deep cultural appreciation for history and community values (Wired, 2005). Therefore, unlike other markets that are highly commercialized, Asia provides a culturally conscious market that appreciates products that have a deep historical value. Since â€Å"ship in a bottle† company thrives on selling culturally rich products, the Company will find Asia to be a highly lucrative market. Direct or Indirect Exporting Markets for Direct Exports South America The close proximity between North America and South America informs the decision to adopt a direct export strategy in South America. Indeed, it would be cheaper to export the company’s merchandise (directly) to this market without having to engage third parties to sell the company’s products.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ship in a Bottle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By exporting the company’s products directly to its South America, â€Å"ship in a bottle† will have more control of the business, thereby increasing its chances of realizing more profits (Rao, 2008). It would be more expensive for young and emerging companies (like â€Å"ship in a bottle†) to engage the services of third par ties, or build a distribution facility in South America, if it can satisfy its South American market (efficiently) by directly exporting its products to the customers. Australia The similarities between Australian economic and cultural dynamics with America inform the decision to adopt a direct export strategy for the Australian market. Even though there may be some slight differences in the business practices of both countries, it is crucial to highlight the cultural similarities between both markets as a key decision-maker in the adoption of a direct export strategy. More so, the cultural similarities between America and Australia manifest because â€Å"ship in a bottle† largely thrives on the cultural appreciation of the product. Because both countries share same cultural dynamics, it will be easier to export the product as it is, without making any significant modifications on the company’s marketing and production strategies (Rao, 2008). Markets for Indirect Expor t Strategy Asia Exporting to the Asian market poses many risks to â€Å"ship in a bottle.† These risks stem from the differences in culture and community dynamics between western and Asian markets. For example, Wired (2005) says, Americans and Asians see the world in different lenses (p. 1). Therefore, while Americans may be fascinated by the physical attributes of a product, Asian consumers may be more inclined to understand the contextual richness of a product. To this extent, since the company’s strategies appeal to a western market, it may be wise to involve the services of a third party (export trading company, or an export management company) to sell the company’s products in the market. This strategy is important because an intermediary from Asia has a better understanding of the market. Africa and the Middle East Africa and the Middle East also mirror the same differences that the Asian market has with western markets. By the nature of their business pra ctices and cultural dynamics, Middle East and Africa have unique economic and cultural differences that pose a threat to the generalization of product categories across these markets. Moreover, the Middle East has a different business style that largely differs from western business practices. It is difficult to ignore such economic differences while trying to introduce a new product into such markets. It will therefore be crucial to seek the services of an intermediary to sell the company’s products to these markets. Like the Asian intermediaries, the Middle East and African intermediaries have a better knowledge of the market, business practices, and opportunities existing in their markets. They are therefore in a better position to sell â€Å"ship in a bottle† merchandise in their markets.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Intermediaries to use In the markets identified for indirect exporting, â€Å"ship in a bottle† should use agents, instead of distributors. Agents are the best intermediary to use because they campaign for the product, as opposed to merely distributing it (Brown, 2005, p. 343). In most of the markets described above, the main motivation for pursuing the indirect export strategy is to overcome market differences between the exporting country and the host nations. Differences in market demographics and business styles also contribute to this problem. Agents are better suited to overcome these challenges because they are in direct connection with the customers (and have a firmer understanding of their needs as well) (Brown, 2005. This knowledge is critical for companies that intend to penetrate foreign markets because it is difficult to understand the prevailing market dynamics in foreign countries, especially if a company has not operated there before. Distributors are not the right people to use in these markets because unlike agents, they do not campaign for their products. Instead, they just buy the products from their respective companies and sell them in their local markets. Furthermore, they do not persuade or identify customer needs; instead, they just avail the products to the markets. â€Å"Ship in a bottle† does not need such services because it needs an intermediary who would negotiate with buyers to buy the company’s products. Only agents provide this service. Indeed, Fred had experienced the need to build personal rapport with his customers (when he hired new assistants to help in the company’s operations). While learning new phone etiquettes, and how customers wanted to be treated, Fred also discovered the need for customers to feel secure. He understood that there was a need to have a deeper connection with the customers, as opposed to having a non-personal communication strategy with his customers. This is why he refus ed to have an impersonal processing system on the company’s website. Agents nurture a human connection with the customers the same way Fred prefers. Cultural Matters Cultural issues are important in international trade because they define the behavioral characteristics of a society. These behavioral characteristics are important in international trade because they underlie buyer behavior and the systematic procedures of doing business in the respective countries. Among all the markets highlighted in this study (Australia, Middle East, Africa, South America and Asia), cultural understanding is pivotal to the success of â€Å"ship in a bottle†. Some of the important cultural issues to look out for (in these markets) include Language One cultural factor that is important in international trade is language. More so, language problems may significantly hinder the efficiency of negotiations. Therefore, language barriers may affect payments and similar financial transactions. In the context of â€Å"ship in a bottle† case study, the South American market needs a careful cultural understanding because most of the people do not speak English. Instead, most of the inhabitants speak Spanish. This creates a language barrier for â€Å"ship in a bottle† because the company is English background. For example, the literal translation of the word â€Å"maà ±ana† (in Spanish) means tomorrow, but in business terms, â€Å"maà ±ana† simply means â€Å"not today† (British Chambers of Commerce 2012). This contradiction could be problematic for â€Å"ship in a bottle† because there would be many misunderstandings between sellers and buyers, if the seller does not understand the language context of the people. Language problems are however not only constrained within the South American market, the Asian market also has unique language dynamics that â€Å"Ship in a bottle† needs to understand. Specifically, most Asians ha ve a strong need to save face, even in the wake of bad business. For example, Wired (2005) says that it is rare to see Asians decline something (openly) because it is impolite to do so (in the Asian culture). The main problem surfacing in this context is how a supplier would know when to make shipments, or if a buyer is willing to stock the company’s products if they cannot say â€Å"no†. Comprehensively, it will help â€Å"ship in a bottle† to understand the contextual language differences of its Asian and South American markets if it intends to succeed in these markets. Religion Religion is a very important cultural issue to consider in international business. In many countries, there is a crossover between religion and business law. For example, in America, there is a crossover between business law and religion because both secular and religious holidays affect product offerings, sales, and the distribution strategies of different companies (British Chambers of Commerce 2012). The same would be true for Australia where religious holidays, such as, Easter and Christmas have a significant bearing on company sales and distribution strategies. Albeit â€Å"ship in a bottle† may enjoy the similarities between some of its prospective markets with America, the same is not true in some markets like the Middle East. Indeed, in some Middle East countries, Sharia law defines public and private life. The same is especially profound for business practices because Sharia law often outlaws earning interest in financial products, or trading in financial risks (British Chambers of Commerce 2012). Islamic laws also prohibit investments in business practices that contravene Islamic principles. For example, Islamic law prohibits people against investing in companies that promote pornography, sell alcohol, pork, and such like goods. Such prohibitions may limit the scope of activities that â€Å"ship in a bottle† intends to do in the Middle Eas t and Africa. Corruption Broadly, corruption is a social evil. Many countries suffer under this social ill. Often, the high prevalence of corruption in any country limits the expansion of foreign investments. For â€Å"ship in a bottle†, it is crucial to understand the prevalence of corruption in some of its prospective markets (notably, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East). In some of these markets, the level of corruption is high. For example, India has among the highest rates of corruption in the world (British Chambers of Commerce 2012). Therefore, as â€Å"ship in a bottle† considers venturing into such markets, it needs to be wary of the potential risk of having to bribe public officials to obtain certain services. Ordinarily, such practices add to the cost of doing business and as the British Chambers of Commerce (2012) affirms, any business manager needs to be wary of such costs. Pricing Strategies â€Å"Ship in a bottle’s† pricing strategy is two f aced – wholesale and retail. As Learn Marketing (2012) explains, arriving at a wholesale price is not a difficult issue if the company knows the retail price. Moreover, according to â€Å"ship in a bottle’s† research, many retailers would ordinarily want at least a 50% mark-up (Foley, 2004, p. 10). However, since â€Å"ship in a bottle† would be in business with different types of retailers (in different markets), it is better to adopt a flexible pricing strategy that suits the needs of every market. Therefore, each market will have a special pricing strategy. Middle East and Africa In the Middle East and Africa, â€Å"ship in a bottle† should pursue a penetration market strategy because most of these markets are not properly developed. Therefore, while the company may expect to face stiff competition in some developed markets that have a deeper appreciation for nautical products, â€Å"ship in a bottle† should first try to embrace a penetra tive market strategy in the Middle East and Africa to develop a strong market share. On establishment of this market share, the company may increase its price accordingly (Learn Marketing, 2012). Australia One main attraction for starting â€Å"ship in a bottle† company was the minimal competition for â€Å"ship in a bottle† products in America. However, because of the indirect competition since 50-plus wholesalers and retailers engaged in the sale and manufacture of nautical products, the company had to identify competitive strategies for gaining a successful entry into the market (Foley, 2004). Since Australia is a developed market that appreciates nautical products, â€Å"ship in a bottle† should expect a fair amount of competition from incumbent traders. In fact, the company should expect the same level of competition in Australia as it did in America. Therefore, the Australian pricing strategy should be competitive. In other words, the company should price its products very close (or slightly less expensive) to the competitors’. South America South America is a very interesting market for â€Å"ship in a bottle† because unlike other markets described above, the potential for success and failure in this market is almost equal. The close proximity between America and South America however poses a strong advantage to the company, especially regarding its direct export strategy. However, the cultural barriers and the high level of market segmentation in South America pose mixed results for the introduction of â€Å"ship in a bottle† products. From these market uncertainties (plus the adoption of a direct export strategy), it is crucial for â€Å"ship in a bottle† to adopt the cost-based pricing model. This model ensures the company recovers its cost of production and distribution as the main objective. Establishing the company’s mark-up comes later. This way, the company may weigh its options on the mark et (in the short term) and decide to change its pricing strategy later (Learn Marketing, 2012). Legal, Tax, Accounting, and Logistical Matters There are few major accounting, tax, and logistical matters to consider for the expansion of â€Å"ship in a bottle† company. However, there are significant legal issues to consider in this trade. For example, â€Å"ship in a bottle† is subject to international and local laws that characterize its prospective markets/countries. These legal considerations center on the protection of local industries against unfair trade practices from foreign goods. Therefore, while â€Å"ship in a bottle† may want to expand its markets beyond the US, it should be ready to comply with local and international trade laws. The company has experienced such legal considerations in the past. For example, when the company tried to clear its first inventory shipment, it had to wait for custom clearance. In other words, the company had to sign a co mpliance form to comply with the country’s laws of imports and regulations. Therefore, contrary to Fred’s expectation that the process of clearing his first shipment would be swift, it proved not only to be a tedious process, but also an expensive one (Foley, 2004). It is difficult to evaluate the import laws of every market described in this report, but every country has their laws that need compliance. â€Å"Ship in a bottle† company needs to be wary of these import laws. B-2-B and Internet Sales Business-to-business (B2B) relationships should be cultivated as the company continues to expand into new markets. More importantly, the company should cultivate these relationships with the new foreign market intermediaries. Furthermore, since the company intends to be global, it needs to develop a deeper understanding with its suppliers that they would meet the new market demands Internet sales also outline another strategic area that the company needs to grow. So f ar, the company has demonstrated that it can achieve significant success on its online sales platform. Indeed, from the success experienced at the gift shows, the company enjoyed a high internet traffic and positive feedback from its online platform (Foley, 2004). It is crucial for the company to maintain this momentum by exploring new avenues for expanding its online outreach. This need prompted the identification of the selected markets described above. In other words, the prospective markets described in this paper project a significant level of internet penetration. Therefore, it would be equally beneficial for â€Å"ship in a bottle† to pursue its online sales strategy as a complementary strategy (to the proposed strategies outlined in this report). This way, the company will be in a better position to exploit virtual and â€Å"real† sales opportunities. Conclusion Australia, South America, Middle East, Africa, and Asia provide a lucrative set of new markets that â€Å"ship in a bottle† may exploit. Albeit these markets provide unique economic, cultural, and political dynamics, they also pose new opportunities for growth in their unique ways. Nonetheless, as â€Å"ship in a bottle† embarks on its global expansion strategy, it needs to be wary of the cultural, competitive, and legal challenges of operating globally. The company may avoid most of these challenges by adopting smart strategies. For example, using agents to circumnavigate market knowledge gaps outline a smart strategy of increasing the company’s prospect of succeeding in these markets. Comprehensively, based on the uniqueness of every market described in this report, it is crucial for â€Å"ship in a bottle† to adopt customized strategies to exploit existing opportunities and minimize the threats of every prospective market. References British Chambers of Commerce. (2012). International Trade Manual. London: Routledge. Brown, R. (2005). Emerging Compan ies Guide: A Resource for Professionals and  Entrepreneurs. New York: American Bar Association. Foley, J. (2004). The Global Entrepreneur: Taking Your Business International. New York: JAMRIC Press INTL. Foreign Trade On-Line. (2012). Harmonized System Codes (HS Code). Retrieved from https://www.foreign-trade.com/reference/hscode.htm?cat=15 Learn Marketing. (2012). Pricing Strategies. Retrieved from https://www.learnmarketing.net/price.htm Rao, S. (2008). Indirect Exporting. Web. Ships in Bottles. (2010). Web. Wired, A. (2005). A real difference between Asians and Americans. Web. This report on Ship in a Bottle was written and submitted by user Israel Bush to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing a Research Paper Using Color-Coded Index Cards

Writing a Research Paper Using Color-Coded Index Cards A research paper is primarily a discussion or argument based on a thesis, which includes evidence from several collected sources. While it may seem like a monumental project to write a research paper, it is really a straightforward process that you can follow, step by step. Before you get started, make sure you have plenty of note paper, several multi-colored highlighters, and a pack of multi-colored index cards. You should also read over the checklist for research ethics  before you begin, so you dont head down the wrong path! Organizing your Research Paper Youll use the following steps to complete your assignment. 1. Select a topic2. Find sources3. Take notes on colored index cards4. Arrange your notes by topic5. Write an outline6. Write a first draft7. Revise and re-write8. Proofread Library Research Become familiar with the services and layout of the library. There will be a card catalog and computers for database searches, but you dont need to tackle those alone. There will be library personnel on hand to show you how to use these resources. Dont be afraid to ask! Select a Research Paper Topic Once you narrow your choices to a specific subject area, find three specific questions to answer about your topic. A common mistake by students is to choose a final topic that is too general. Try to be specific: What is tornado alley? Are certain states really more likely to suffer from tornadoes? Why? One of your questions will turn into a thesis statement, after you do a little preliminary research to find theories to answer to your questions. Remember, a thesis is a statement, not a question. Find Sources Use the card catalog or computer database in the library to locate books. (See Sources to Avoid.) Find several books that seem to be relevant to your topic. There will also be a periodical guide in the library. Periodicals are publications issued on a regular basis, like magazines, journals, and newspapers. Use a search engine to find a list of articles relating to your topic. Make sure to find articles in periodicals that are located in your library. (See How to Find an Article.) Sit at your work table and scan through your sources. Some titles can be misleading, so you’ll have some sources that don’t pan out. You can do a quick read over the materials to determine which ones contain useful information. Taking Notes As you scan your sources, you will begin to zero in on a thesis. Several sub-topics will also begin to emerge. Using our tornado topic as an example, a sub-topic would be the Fujita Tornado Scale. Start taking notes from your sources, using color coding for the sub-topics. For instance, all information referring to the Fujita Scale would go on orange note cards. You may find it necessary to photocopy articles or encyclopedia entries so you can take them home. If you do this, use the highlighters to mark the useful passages in the relevant colors. Every time you take a note, be sure to write down all bibliographical information to include author, book title, article title, page numbers, volume number, publisher name and dates. Write this information on each and every index card and photocopy. This is absolutely critical! Arrange Your Notes by Topics Once you have taken color-coded notes, you will be able to sort your notes more easily. Sort the cards by colors. Then, arrange by relevance. These will become your paragraphs. You may have several paragraphs for each sub-topic. Outline Your Research Paper Write an outline, according to your sorted cards. You may find that some of the cards fit better with different â€Å"colors† or sub-topics, so simply re-arrange your cards. That’s a normal part of the process. Your paper is taking shape and becoming a logical argument or position statement. Write a First Draft Develop a strong thesis statement and introductory paragraph. Follow through with your sub-topics. You may find that you don’t have enough material, and you may need to supplement your paper with additional research. Your paper may not flow very well on the first try. (This is why we have first drafts!) Read it over and re-arrange paragraphs, add paragraphs, and omit information that doesn’t seem to belong. Keep editing and re-writing until you’re happy. Create a bibliography from your note cards. (See citation makers.) Proofread When you think you are happy with your paper, proof read! Make sure it is free of spelling, grammatical, or typographical errors. Also, check to make sure you’ve included every source in your bibliography. Finally, check the original instructions from your teacher to make sure you are following all assigned preferences, like title page directions and placement of page numbers.

Case study#1 Julia Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

#1 Julia - Case Study Example She then receives negative comments the following year on issues of being unfriendly and absenteeism in some faculty meetings. She is even interrupted in her conversations or ignored completely (Szybinski & Jordan, 2010, p. 4-6 & L. 1-99). Julia’s situation has to do with her positive attitude towards her new job, something that is not tradition in the department. Most of the faculty members are not motivated to apply for grants or get involved in research with students but Julia wants to make a difference. This is in accordance with the academic duty of a professor. This makes her colleagues feel like she is trying too hard to make an impression. The senior faculty then decides to put her down by ignoring her and giving negative feedback during review. They see her as unfriendly because she doesn’t exchange pleasantries with colleagues. She looks like she is alienating herself from the rest of the faculty members by no attending some meetings. Her situation is made worse when she does not involve herself with office gossip. This makes the seniors feel like she is being intimidating and rebellious (Cariaga-Lo, et al, 2010, P.19-22 & L. 1-98). Julia’s colleagues refuse to vote for her tenure because as they stated, she does not relate well with her colleagues. This however is much deeper than that. Considering that she has the best skills in research and worked for the benefit of the department, the seniors did not take this positively. The faculty feels that they are being undermined by a junior staff. They alienate her and use it against her during evaluation. Julia makes the situation worse when she decides to take matters in her own hands. She ignores her colleagues completely by closing her office door and only opening it during office hours. She makes it even worse when she decides to discuss her colleagues with other faculty members from other departments instead of taking her concerns to the department chair. This is

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Ethics - Assignment Example Employers cannot limit individual liberties even if the same possesses a proven cause. Symbolism for a drug search cannot qualify an unwarranted search. This widespread practice can be damaging to an employee. It constraints personal privacy and triggers emotional trauma in employees (Miller, 2010). This means that it may lead to a loss of reputation in circumstances whereby an employee could rescue the same. It is vital to note that there are reasonable ways to address substance abuse in workplaces. For instance, employers could invest in education of employees to remedy the situation. In this perspective, employees could engage in awareness programs (Delpo, 2009). It is agreeable that drug awareness programs have been responsible for reduction in drug abuse since its inception. As regards the theory of utilitarianism, polygraph tests become unethical practices. In this theory, every act should be aimed at the satisfaction of an individual. This constraints the basis for drug tests which normally propos on the idea of protecting a company’s

Technology Brought Both Advantages and Disadvantages to Students Research Paper

Technology Brought Both Advantages and Disadvantages to Students - Research Paper Example As the paper declares one of the great advantages of new technologies in the classroom is the digitalization of learning resources such as books and journals by converting them into electronic formats that not only embraces text and illustrations, but also multi-modal features such as animation, sound, music, video, in addition to hyperlinks. The current generation of books is nothing close to the conventional formats, particularly because, by using software like Adobe Reader or Microsoft Reader, students can access a large proportion of learning resources in the form of e-books by viewing them on their personal computers both at home and at school. The digitalized learning resources provide a broad reservoir of learning resources, which students can access easily by purchasing e-books from online bookstores or by renting them free from online libraries. According to the discussion findings the electronic book resources have many advantages over the conventional books because they often have user-friendly interphases and editing tools that allow the reader a lot of control over the reading resources. Introduction of learning technologies has also created new opportunities for extended learning, particularly because students are able to conduct extra research on their own away from the classroom situation, in addition to the knowledge delivered in the classroom. Technology enhances both teaching and learning efficiency in the classrooms.... Reader, students can access a large proportion of learning resources in the form of e-books by viewing them on their personal computers both at home and at school. The digitalized learning resources provide a broad reservoir of learning resources, which students can access easily by purchasing e-books from online bookstores or by renting them free from online libraries (Larson 122). The electronic book resources have many advantages over the conventional books because they often have user-friendly interphases and editing tools that allow the reader a lot of control over the reading resources. For example, the students can utilize those tools to manipulate the text in so many ways including editing, deleting, marking passages, highlighting, and even inserting comments on sticky notes, among many other things. This way, students engage more with the learning material, thereby enhancing their comprehension and overall performance; in this case, technology leads to enhanced student perfo rmance because it leads to the transformation of learning experiences in the classrooms. Introduction of learning technologies has also created new opportunities for extended learning, particularly because students are able to conduct extra research on their own away from the classroom situation, in addition to the knowledge delivered in the classroom. The internet is a rich source of diverse information and learning resources that students can utilize on their own away from the classroom, thereby not only transforming their experiences by understanding the knowledge gained in the classroom further, but also extending their learning experiences through additional information. The pervasive spread of information and technology has facilitated the access of course material by students

The Hounds of the Baskervilles Essay Example for Free

The Hounds of the Baskervilles Essay Dr Watson is Sherlocks companion which was common in those days. He is a middle class citizen and is polite and formal. He retired from the Army and is now living on his Army pension. He admires Holmes and looks up to him, this is evident as he wants Sherlocks approval Has anything escaped me? . Sherlock sees Watson not as an equal but someone who he can patronise which is apparent when Watson is analysing a scene most of your conclusions were erroneous and you are not yourself luminous. This is caused by the differences in classes. However Watson (when not needed by Sherlock) spends his day at a Gentlemens club that he belongs to, which was a common way for men to entertain themselves in the Victorian times. As he can afford to join the club then he must be comfortable financially, nevertheless not as wealthy as Holmes. Watsons wealth is also obvious as Watson smokes cigarettes which are bought from the same expensive shop as Holmess tobacco in Oxford Street. Watson (like most Victorian Men) has strict beliefs in what is right and wrong and how to behave. This is seen when he comes across an unarmed suspect whom he has a chance to shoot, however he refuses to because he says he only has the gun to defend himself and not to shoot an unarmed man. Sir Henry Baskerville is a titled aristocracy who inherits Baskerville Hall but has to return to England from America. His appearance is seen as different to other upper class men as he has the .. weather beaten look of a man who is unused to the English countryside which is very formal compared to America and Canada which is where he spent most of his life I have got a little careless in my ways out West. However he is still referred to as an upper class gentleman. He appears uncomfortable to the strict opinion of the community in Victorian England however knows he has to behave in an appropriate way. Sir Henry is amazed when he first sees Baskerville Hall To think that this should be the same hall in which for five hundred years my people have lived! It strikes me solemn to think of it. In this Era it was extremely popular for big houses to be passed down by generations of the same family. In the Victorian times Servants were extremely popular in the upper class households. The amount of servants per household depended on the size of the house and their wealth. Within the bigger houses the servants who usually lived in the house would be arranged into a hierarchy of servants with the butler (male) at the top (which is ironic as this reflects the patriarchal system of Victorian England). In Baskervilles hall, Mr Barrymore is the butler subdued manner of a well-trained servant and Mrs Barrymore is the housekeeper large, impassive, heavy featured. Commonly in those days the servants would stay with the family for years and show great respect and loyalty. Sometimes servants would work in the same households as their relatives, Mrs Barrymore and her brother were bought up in Baskerville Hall. Frequently the servants children would grow up in the household too and would start working there at a young age. However when Mrs Barrymore is told of her brothers death, Mr and Mrs Barrymore announce to Sir Henry that they wish to leave Baskerville Hall and his reaction is I should be sorry to begin my life here by breaking an old family connection. The loyalty of the relationships between the owners and servants is highlighted with the Barrymores reasoning for leaving Baskerville Hall .. we were both very much attached to Sir Charles.. I fear that we shall never again be easy in our minds at Baskerville Hall.

Humming Birds :: essays research papers

Hummingbirds in Flight   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hummingbirds are fascinating birds that are always fun to watch. These birds are able to hover in mid-air, dart from side to side, go straight up or down, or even backwards. They can out-fly and out-maneuver birds hundreds of times their size. There are many factors that contribute to the hummingbirds’ ability to fly so easily through the air.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A hummingbird’s wings are shaped so that they are slightly rounded on the top. Bernoulli’s Principle explains why this helps the bird to fly. The air passing over the top of the wing must travel further than the air going under the wing. As the hummingbird moves forward, the velocity of the fluid increases over the wing and the pressure above the wing is reduced. The higher pressure under the hummingbird’s wing provides lift for the bird.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hummingbirds have unusually strong muscles that enable them to raise and lower their wings with great power. As the Hummingbirds thrust their wings up and down, they fly into the air with amazing agility and speed. The sleek outline of the bird and smooth feathers create little drag as the bird darts through the air. Hummingbirds have even been seen flying upside down!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor that helps explain how hummingbirds fly is called Archimedes Principle. The hummingbird stays in the air at a high altitude because it is held up by a buoyant force. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the volume of fluid it displaces. The Venturi effect is evident when the hummingbird holds it’s wings close to it’s body.

Cultural Heritage Tourism

Tourism is one of the principal economic activities in the world and ‘Cultural Tourism’ is a rapidly expanding part of this industry. According to the OEA â€Å"Culture contributes considerably to the countries economies†, therefore many economies in different countries have been using this as a mechanism to increase their economies. Within the general tourism industry, many countries are seeing the benefits of using â€Å"Cultural Tourism† as a key area of attraction.They achieve this by developing historical sites and activities that have formed part of their heritage. This can include buildings, communities, people, and notable traditions. The promotion of Cultural tourism is a way of retaining the economic characteristics of the heritage sites. It is also seen as an important factor for the development of the national and regional economies by generating social development in all its aspects (ICOMOS 12th General Assembly, 1999).As well as being used to as a mechanism to develop regional economies by attracting tourists to heritage sites and the surrounding areas, Cultural Tourism is forms an important part of a countries national tourism economy. Its aim is to attract those tourists who have a deep inner necessity to get to know new places with history, by enabling them to feel part of the place they are visiting. The cultural heritage tourist wants to connect himself or herself with history and experience how the world developed in the particular area they are visiting (Cultural heritage tourism Guide, 2000).Since cultural heritage tourism caught the eye of the economists a decade ago, there have been many economic studies developed to measure the impact that this activity has in the regions where the heritage tourism is practiced (Toselli, C. , 2006). Part of the reason for this is because the tourist who is engaged in historic and cultural tourist activities spends more time and money in the area visited, engaging in more activ ities than other kinds of tourist would (Travel Industry Association of America citation by Hargrove, M. , 2002), making this kind of tourism a profitable activity for the regions, communities and historical places.As a result of these studies it can be assumes that with a greater concentration of cultural heritage tourism there would be the benefit of an increment of profitability for the cultural and tourism industry creating employment in the heritage communities, cities and countries. Within this study I will be concentrating my work on the â€Å"International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos. † This is a prime example of various cultural activities in areas that are rich in culture.The location of this festival is in the Jesuit Mission region in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. This region has 6 towns in which the six world’s famous Jesuit churches were built and which were designated World heritage sites by the UNESCO in 1990 (UNESCO, 2006). The festival was founded in 1996 and it is celebrated every other year in the towns of the Jesuit region (APAC , 2005). The festival is unique in the region because of the baroque American music that they offer to the tourist. This is part of a unique selection of original musical partitures from decades ago (see Appendix figure 1).The venue for the performing of the music concerts are the 6 historical churches which were built between 1669 and 1760 which still maintain the glory from the past (La Gran Chiquitania, 2006). Aim The aim of this research is to review and analyze the future marketing strategy, which APAC is developing for the International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos† in order to promote the festival internationally. In particular, the intention is to assess how this relates to the way in which the success in marketing of previous festivals has been perceived by the hoteliers and T our operators.The purpose of this is to identify areas of concern to be addressed and to recommend ways in which the present marketing strategy can be optimized in order to increase the economic growth of the festival and the heritage sites. Objectives †¢ Identify the type of tourist cultural heritage festivals attract and analyze their expectations. †¢ Identify and analyze the logistic work that the festival has and how it could be improved. †¢ Review the logistics of the Tour Operators and hoteliers; their capability to cater for tourist expectations, addressing ways those shortfalls can be eliminated or reduced.†¢ Determine the marketing strategy that the festival should use to attract tourist by identifying tourist demand segmentation of it. Literature Review With an increasing number of countries and regions seeking to capitalize on their heritage as a way of attracting growth in tourism and the economic benefit that this brings, it is important for the oper ators of historical sites and festivals to have a complete understanding of the consumer, the product they are offering and the ways that product should be marketed. The consumer in this instance is not an average holidaymaker.There is a specific historical purpose to both the design and purpose of their holiday. This has been best described by Robert Stebbins (1996), when he observed that â€Å"Cultural tourism is a genre of special interest tourism based on the search for and participation in new and deep cultural experiences, whether aesthetic, intellectual, emotional, or psychological†(Robert Stebbins 1996). Today an increasing number of tourists are moving away from the concept of pre-packaged sun and leisure breaks. It is estimated that around twenty percent or tourists now put the arts, culture and history among their top five reasons from traveling.In America alone, cultural tourism rose by 13% between 1996 and 2003, (TIA 2003). As Garrion Keillor (1995) commented, â €Å"They come for our culture: high culture, low culture, middle culture, right, left, real or imagined — they come here to see America. † As a result of this increase in demand, partially fueled by the advent of Internet access and the increase in accessibility to global travel brought about by reductions in travel costs, more and more countries are converting their historical sites and festivals into tourist centers.With more competition comes the need for effective marketing. In terms of the travel industry this is defined as â€Å"The process of identifying and reaching specific segments of a population for the purposes of selling them a product or service. † (Home Travel Agency 2006) There has been a number of studies regarding the marketing of Cultural Heritage in general and of more relevance to this paper, the marketing of historical music festivals and their destinations in particular.The marketing of Cultural Heritage sites is a subject that has to be dealt with in a sensitive manner, as many writers have acknowledged. Rowan Yorke and Uzi Baram (2004) have compiled a number of studies relating to popular cultural sites worldwide, which deal with the interrelationship that exists between the commercial and political aspect of historical sites, including balancing the importance of archaeology against profit. However, careful marketing can, if properly constructed and programmed, successfully promote the site.It is vitally important when designing a marketing program to advance the qualities and attractions of the site in a way that will bring it to the forefront of the travelers mind, making it more relevant and notable to them than sites of a similar nature. To achieve this, one must use the particular qualities of its historical value to target the appropriate market. This is particularly relevant in terms of the festival subject being studied within this paper. Most researchers feel that Festivals take on a special significance .In her book on the subject of cultural destination, Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (1998) says, â€Å"Festivals are cultural performances par excellence. Their boundaries discernible in time and space† There are numerous musical and other festivals being held throughout the world, from the historical to the modern day; from popular to classic; from era to religious based. With such intensity of competition, the importance of marketing festivals nationally and internationally becomes paramount.In the case of the â€Å"International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival â€Å"Misiones de Chiquitos. † Marketing would need to be aware of two levels, marketing of the destination and marketing of the festival itself. Nigel Morgan et al (2001) suggest that destination branding gives marketers the ability to address one of the most important aspect of the special event, namely how appropriate is the destination itself. As we have seen festivals that are correctly p ortrayed which means dealing with the political, cultural and social side successfully can bring economic benefits.To successfully market a musical festival one has to first evaluate what genre the music fits into together with its historical and geographical position, then look to the target audience, in order to give an organized structure to the marketing program. (Johnny Allen (2001) As a result of this review it can be seen that we need to look at the type of cultural tourist, their musical tastes together with the historical and religious background, musically and destination based, of the festival itself. References Allen, Johnny (2005) Festival and Special Event Management. John Wiley & Sons Douglas, Norman (2001). Special Interest Tourism.John Wiley & Sons (Australia) Ltd. Factsheet. (2005) Welcome to APAC Festivals. Retrieved 14 July 2006 from http://www. festivalesapac. com/site/index. php? module=ContentExpress&file=index&func=display&ceid=27&newlang=eng Fleming, Ronald Lee. (1989). If walls could talk: Telling the story of a historic building to create a market edge. National Trust for Historic Preservation Home Travel Agency (2006) Define marketing. Retrieved 15 July 2006 from http://www. hometravelagency. com/dictionary/marketing. html Keillor, Garrison. (1995) Address to White House Conference on Travel and Tourism. Retrieved from http://www. nasaa-arts.org/artworks/cultour. shtml#travmar Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. (1998). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage. University of California Press Morgan, Nigel. Pritchard, Annette. And Pride Rogers. (2001) Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition. Butterworth-Heinemann Rowan, Yorke and Baram, Uzi eds. (2004) Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the consumption of the past. AltaMira Press Stebbins, Robert. (1996). Cultural Tourism as Serious Leisure. Annals of Tourism Research. Vol. 23, October, p. 948-950. The Charter Ethos. (1999) Managing tourism at places of heritage significance.International Tourism Charter 12th General Assembly. Travel Industry Association of America Travelscope survey (2003). TheHistoric/Cultural Traveler, 2003 edition. TIA and Smithsonian Magazine Unesco. (2006) World Heritage List. Retrieved 14 July 2006 from http://www. thesalmons. org/lynn/world. heritage. html Appendix Figure 1 Part of an original 17th century paper sheet of music used in the Missions of Chiquitos. The work by Domenico Zipoli from Prato, close to Florence is part of an extensive collection preserved by Bolivian specialists. This fragment is from Ave Maria Stella a Vespers hymn sung on Feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Knowledge and skills framework Essay

According to DH (2004), NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (NHS KSF) refers to the information that NHS employees need to implement in their service delivery to guarantee quality. NHS issues a single, comprehensive, consistent and exceptional structure to execute in the review and motivation for all the staff. NHS KSF and its success have been as result of its drive for Agenda for Change. The designs are made to cut across all NHS employees irrespective of their capacity, as long as they fall under the change agreement for the agenda. This agreement is applicable to all the staff with exceptions of physicians, dentists and board management team, who have different arrangements for their advancement review. Throughout this study, the staffs mentioned are those who fall under the Agenda for Change National Agreement. Purpose of NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework The role of NHS KSF framework is to foster advancement of services to address the needs of the users and the entire public. Also it supports efficient learning and advancement of persons and groups of persons in their career development. This purpose does however; consider other facets such as empowerment of individuals in their capacities which promotes diversity and equality for the entire staff, in order to foster development (DH, 2004). Core dimensions According to Moullin (2002), NHS KSF is structured to create 30 dimensions which seek to identify major roles required by NHS to facilitate better quality services to the people. Six of the dimensions however are core to every position in NHS. These core dimensions include communication, which suggests ways of improving communication between various categories of people, individual and people advancement, which seeks to advance individual capacity as well as empowering other stakeholders within the health sector, health, safety and security which assists in the maintenance of one’s health status while considering the security of others, quality which facilitates the maintenance of one quality of service delivery and encourage others to formulate a culture that seeks to improve quality, service improvement and lastly, equality and diversity. The other dimensions do not apply to all groups and are specific to particular jobs. Communication as a core dimension According to McSherry (2008), Communication as a core dimension may assume the following forms: verbal communication, written and signing communication, electronic conveyance of information, communication aids, communication through third parties (for instance translators and interpreters). This passage of information entails communicating with patients, families, general public and their representatives, co-workers and colleagues. These forms of communication may also face challenges for instance a noisy environment. Personal health and the welfare of the individuals involved and social conflicts such as violent situations are other obstacles to effective communication to various groups of people. Communication may also be impaired by illiteracy levels which may interfere with the capacity to read and write. The existing policy frameworks and procedures may also act as barriers to communication when assessed from local or international dimensions. The policies may entail confidentiality, conflict resolution and preservation of information among others (McSherry, 2008). Application of effective communication Effective communication entails identification of the information conveyed by others in additional to self communication. It also involves advancing effective communication interactions which are characterized by advancements in the communication situation, subject matter, intention and the number of individuals being communicated to, their backgrounds and the impacts that this may have on the communication skills obtained. Effective communication entails communicating with a wide range of persons over diverse issues and formulating procedure of advancing communication on complex matters and situations (DH, 2000). Equality and Diversity Promotion of equality and appreciation of diversity is based on the belief that investment in workforce enhances service delivery and improves patients care across the continents (DH, 2004). Trainers, trainees and others stakeholders need to be involved in the administration of relevant questionnaires regularly. People’s diversity and equality attract recognition on the basis of gender, age and social backgrounds. Patients, families, co-workers within NHS and those from outside may experience oppression, discrimination or harassment based on their place of origin, ethnicity, mental status, bodily outlook among others. The policies, regulations and procedures that have been put in place to address inequality and diversity include domestic laws and international agreements pertaining to human rights, employment, anti-discriminatory activities and conflict resolution mechanisms (KAI, 2004). According to RCGP (2007), equality entails participation by all and access to opportunities to reveal their maximum potential. Under UK laws, all institutions have a responsibility to counter discrimination and enhance diversity. Diversity involves recognizing and appreciating the differences in order to create a culture that values, respects and harnesses the difference for the satisfaction of the entire institution. Influence on communication on my current practice and personal life Effective communication has contributed significant in influencing my personal life as well as my life as a nurse. It has enabled me to minimize the common obstacles of communication for instance addressing individuals of particular groups while maintaining a positive image of myself. Communication has also enabled me to provide reports with precision according to institutional procedures. This however does not make me forget that there are policies, legislations and procedures that need to be observed. Every form of communication goes along with accountability, to ensure that it does not jeopardize the discharge of responsibilities bestowed on me (DH, 2004). Communication has also enabled me to exemplify my skills to a wide range of persons and help resolve any differences that may accrue. This has helped me to address people of diverse backgrounds consistently especially when delivering information that I feel may not be pleasant such as the death of a close relative. This is accompanied by giving relevant feedbacks which comply with institutional policies and procedures. Decision making is another attribute which have gained through effective communication. There are some instances when I am expected to provide an immediate feedback especially on life threatening matters. Effective communication has also helped me in the resolution of disputes arising during the daily discharge of my duties. These skills do not only apply to professional life and have come in hand to shape my personal life towards the positive direction. It is based on this argument that Moullin (2002) states that communication dimension applies to all the sectors where there is interaction between people. Moullin also notes that this does not come without challenges for instance where the actions of people are beyond their control, poor historical background in communication and complexity of circumstances which may sometimes go beyond once control. Communication comes in handy when advocating issues on behalf of my colleagues, asserting a stand and retaining its adversity, revelation of unwelcoming news and supporting the recipients of the news. Communication has also emerged vital in the delivery of presentations which significantly encourages active contribution by the audience (DH, 2000). Influence of equality and diversity dimensions in my current practice and personal life According to Moonie, Bates and Spencer-Perkinsd (2004), equality and diversity are two crucial dimensions that have enable me in my profession to improve my interpersonal relationships with people. It has assisted me in my interactions with clients, colleagues and people across various institutions. I have appreciated the diversity that exist within the society and have learnt to appreciate people of diverse cultures, ages, creeds and other social backgrounds. The nursing profession has exposed me to diverse issue which can only be addressed by accommodating and appreciating people the way they are. My movement from one institution to the other within the health sector has improved my performance after being exposed to different values and challenges which have made me a better nurse. My support for equality has been unperturbed and I have learnt various policies and legislative procedures which assess the effectiveness of institutions for instance the Gender Recognition Act, 2004 (Cooper, 2004). Equality has helped me to appreciate the fact equal opportunities need to make accessible to all people irrespective of their financial capabilities. Through my understanding of equality and diversity, I have perceived the extent to which laws could be applied to foster culture and to address the discriminatory challenges that engulf the society. I have also appreciated that the success of this core dimension is subject to proper resource allocation, advancement and existence of relevant services. Lastly, equality has motivated me to play the role of being a good model that is considerate of all members of the society irrespective of their shortcomings (Hargie, (2006). Conclusion From the literature cited above, it is exhibited that NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework creates opportunities for information sharing and the implementation of this information enhances service delivery and creates motivation for the staff working in health institutions. NHS has been motivated by its drive for change which has enhanced the implementation of the six core dimensions in health care delivery. Communication which is the first core dimension determines the operations of the other core dimensions. Efficient communication entails establishing a good rapport with various stake holders who include professionals, institutions and clients. NHS Knowledge and Skills framework also identifies and appreciates the significance of equality and diversity while dealing with individuals of various backgrounds. Relevant policies, laws and procedures are put in to place to ensure that discrimination does not jeopardize service delivery in the health sector (Moonie, Bates and Spencer-Perkinsd, 2004). References Berry, D 2007. Health Communication Theory and Practice, Maidenhead: Open University Press. Cooper, D 2004. Challenging Diversity: Rethinking Equality and the Value of Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Department of Health, DH 2000. The Vital Connection-an equalities framework for the NHS working together for quality and equality. Department of Health, DH 2003. Equalities and Diversity in the NHS-progress and priorities, London: Department of Health. Department of Health, 2004. The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (NHS KSF) and the Development Review Process, Department of Health Publications: London, Retrieved from www. dh. gov. uk/policyAndGuidance/HumanResourcesAndTraining/ModernisingPay/agendaForChange/fs/en Department of Health, 2004. The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (NHS KSF), London: Department of Health Publications. Hargie, O. (ed), 2006. The Handbook of Communication Skills. London: Routledge. Hilary, G, 2007. Unequal lives: Health and Socio-economic Inequalities. London: Routledge. KAI, J. (ed), 2004. Valuing Diversity- a resource for effective health care of ethnically diverse communities- a Training manual London: Royal College of General Practitioners. McSherry, R, 2008. An Introduction to Excellence in Practice development in Health and Social Care Maidenhead Open University Press. Moonie, N. , Bates, A. & Spencer-Perkinsd, 2004. Diversity and Rights in Care. Oxon: Harcourt Education Ltd. Moullin, M, 2002. Delivering Excellence in Health and Social Care. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Royal College of General Practitioners, RCGP, 2007. Promoting Equality and Valuing Diversity, 14 Princes Gate, Hyde Park: London.

Commensalism Definition, Examples, and Relationships

Commensalism Definition, Examples, and Relationships Commensalism is a type of relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it. A commensal species benefits from another species by obtaining locomotion, shelter, food, or support from the host species, which (for the most part) neither benefits nor is harmed. Commensalism ranges from brief interactions between species to life-long symbiosis. Commensalism Definition The term was coined in 1876 by Belgian paleontologist and zoologist Pierre-Joseph van Beneden, along with the term mutualism. Beneden initially applied the word to describe the activity of carcass-eating animals that followed predators to eat their waste food. The word commensalism comes from the Latin word commensalis, which means sharing a table. Commensalism is most often discussed in the fields of ecology and biology, although the term extends to other sciences. Terms Related to Commensalism Commensalism is often confused with related words: Mutualism - Mutualism is a  relationship in which two organisms benefit from each other. Amensalism - A relationship in which one organism is harmed while the other is not affected. Parasitism - A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Theres often debate about whether a particular relationship is an example of commensalism or another type of interaction. For example, some scientists consider the relationship between people and gut bacteria to be an example of commensalism, while others believe it is mutualistic because humans may gain a benefit from the relationship. Examples of Commensalism Remora fish have a disk on their heads that makes them able to attach to larger animals, such as sharks, mantas, and whales. When the larger animal feeds, the remora detaches itself to eat the extra food.Nurse plants are larger plants that offer protection to seedlings from the weather and herbivores, giving them an opportunity to grow.Tree frogs use plants as protection.Golden jackals, once they have been expelled from a pack, will trail a tiger to feed on the remains of its kills.Goby fish live on other sea animals, changing color to blend in with the host, thus gaining protection from predators.Cattle egrets eat the insects stirred up by cattle when they are grazing. The cattle are unaffected, while the birds gain food.The burdock plant produces spiny seeds that cling to the fur of animals or clothing of humans. The plants rely on this method of seed dispersal for reproduction, while the animals are unaffected. Types of Commensalism (With Examples) Inquilinism - In inquilinism, one organism uses another for permanent housing. An example is a bird that lives in a tree hole. Sometimes epiphytic plants growing on trees are considered iniquilism, while others might consider this to be a parasitic relationship because the epiphyte might weaken the tree or take nutrients that would otherwise go to the host. Metabiosis - Metabiosis is a commensalistic relationship in which one organism forms a habitat for another. An example is a hermit crab, which uses a shell from a dead gastropod for protection. Another example would be maggots living on a dead organism. Phoresy - In phoresy, one animal attaches to another for transport. This type of commensalism is most often seen in arthropods, such as mites living on insects. Other examples include anemone attachment to hermit crab shells, pseudoscorpions living on mammals, and millipedes traveling on birds. Phoresy may be either obligate or facultative. Microbiota - Microbiota are commensal organisms that form communities within a host organism. An example is the bacterial flora found on human skin. Scientists disagree on whether microbiota is truly a type of commensalism. In the case of skin flora, for example, there is evidence the bacteria confer some protection on the host (which would be mutualism). Domesticated Animals and Commensalism Domestic dogs, cats, and other animals appear to have started out with commensal relationships with humans. In the case of the dog, DNA evidence indicates dogs associated themselves with people before humans switched from hunting-gathering to agriculture. Its believed the ancestors of dogs followed hunters to eat remains of carcasses. Over time, the relationship became mutualistic, where humans also benefited from the relationship, gaining defense from other predators and assistance tracking and killing prey. As the relationship changed, so did the characteristics of dogs. Reference:  Larson G (2012). Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109: 8878–83.

Organization Development and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Organization Development and Change - Essay Example This is because the effects of change are understood hence organizational change is supported by the same people who change affects within the organization. This involvement of the workforce in the creation of change within the organization leads to the acceptance of change among the stakeholders of the organization. This involvement leads to synergy, which enhances motivation and productivity in an organization. These are the benefits that accrue from full implementation of change in an organization. Inclusiveness in strategic change creation and implementation serves as a cheap source of ideas because the contribution of many people is considered before a decision is made. This initiative also provides networking to the organization which enhances the implementation of the change within an enterprise. This owes to the fact that networking helps in acquisition of crucial information with regard to decision making. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), strategic change in an organization determines the going concern of an organization. Participation in the change process is favored in the republics which practice democracy in governance as opposed to one-man rule scenario in some countries. Organizational development and change are inevitable for the advancement of any organization. This is because of the flaws associated with the status quo position of an organization structure especially a bureaucratic organizational structure. There is a need for the organization’s management to communicate the re-structural change and the goals of the change, to the workforce in order for the employees to embrace the change. There are benefits which accrue to people when they take part in a number of activities pertaining to change. These benefits include the improvement in the quality of decisions made with regard to the change variables. It also highlights timely responses required when the change takes effect. According to Lines (2011), the effect of

IT, Big Data & Firm Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

IT, Big Data & Firm Organization - Essay Example According to Aluya (2014, 67-71), the reinforcement of organizational changes by firms can only be achieved through the adoption of computers and big data so that an organization can attain some level of success. Organizational change is paramount for success to be realized through investment in big data as this will prevent losses. Before the introduction of computerized systems and big data, managers used to depend on intuition, their past experiences as well as personal judgment in order to make the necessary decisions. This on most cases led into wrong decisions that affected the firms negatively. Connaughton (2014, 109-129) contends that the introduction of new methods such as prediction markets, big data, A-B testing and analytics has greatly assisted in lowering the cases of personal decisions that were initially made by the managers. The general application of big data with analytics has been attached to great potential in the healthcare care. The pairing of big data with cloud based systems ensures a cost effective means of delivering healthcare cloud services. This essay focus on the evolution of the use of big data in organizations in their quest for better storage and transmission of resources materials and information. The health care industry is one of the quickly changing industry owing to the ever increasing population that is increasing the demand for better health care services. As a result, companies in the health industry have to consider the introduction of the big data analytics so as to promote quick relay of information as well be in a position to offer better services. Big Data refers to data sets that are of great sizes beyond the ability of generally used software tools which are used to incorporate, capture, curate, mange as well as processing of data within a tolerable elapsed duration. The big data is composed of movement of dozens of terabytes to many petabytes of data at any

Statement of Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Statement of Purpose - Essay Example er, the element finance run in my family as my mother and father handles their own business and my education in finance would aid both of them considerably. It is my mother’s trade in Gold at metatrader software program that invoked me to start a finance related study .On one winter break, I voluntarily started studying the trade market, accustomed myself with the finance news, updated forex calendar, indulged in online trading chart and scrutinized technical analyzing tools. All of these sparked in me a passion to learn more about finance, especially quantitative finance. The uncertainty and fluctuation in the financial field pulled me strongly into it as I found it to be really challenging. This was the moment of truth and I decided to take up a credible course in quantitative financial studies. At the same time, I also realized the importance of finance in this sophisticated world and how much this study can help me in building my future. My excitement in learning finance related course soon turned out into a consolidated passion and solidified my desire to devote my future to the field of finance and investment. The quantitative finance course offered by your esteemed organization impressed me greatly and convinced me to get admission in it in a chase to follow up my dreams and desires. I understood that this quantitative program has the potentiality to manage assets and minimize risk which is the core aim of any business related study. I foresee that finance related course has the power to destroy or flourish the status of a business. This even more strengthened my decision to learn quantitative finance course. Moreover, it is when the financial crisis hit the world in 2009, I completely understood the importance of financial study on an international platform. I would like to confess here that the appropriate course offered by your prestige university has the impeccable ability to construct my future in a positive manner. I can put down in front of you

Theory Paper about the Enactment Theory of Mentoring-Kablfleisch Essay

Theory Paper about the Enactment Theory of Mentoring-Kablfleisch - Essay Example It describes what the theory is about, what studies say about it, how it has been used in communication, and how people could utilize it in their lives. Summary The Enactment Theory of Mentoring is a communication theory that gives suggestions on how mentors and trainees in an organization can use strategic communication in developing a relationship between themselves (Kalbfleisch, 2007). The theory gives nine proposals that show how mentors and trainees ought to conduct themselves when trying to initiate, develop, and maintain relationships in an organization. The first proposal brought out in the theory shows that mentors can decline to become mentors to trainees during their first interactions (Grill, 2011). The second proposition shows a higher possibility of mentors turning down the request made by trainees of becoming their mentors. According to Kalbfleisch, mentors show more willingness to help trainees on a project than they agree to become their mentors. In the same way, men tors have a more likelihood of allowing trainees to help them in a project compared to their accepting to become the trainees’ mentors (Grill, 2011). The reason behind this, according to the theory is that there is no enough initial time for the mentor and the trainee to create a close relationship, and thus mentors turn down any formal requests for mentorship (Kalbfleisch, 2007). ... The theory’s third proposition shows that mentors show interest in training new trainees when they have mentored others before (Kalbfleisch, 2007), as the fourth proposition shows trainees’ interest of being mentored by any more advanced individual regardless of the duration of their relationship. The fifth proposal shows trainees’ likelihood of accepting offers from more advanced individuals in the organization. These propositions show that in the early stages of communication relationships, trainees are more likely to accept mentorship when approached by a more advanced individual (Allen, 2007). This means that trainees will have to use most of their time building communication relationship with their mentors. The other propositions in the theory show communication efforts that mentors and trainees put to ensure their relationship (Kalbfleisch, 2007). The sixth proposition shows that a trainee shows more engagement in maintaining a communication relationship as opposed to the mentor more especially when the success of the trainee depends on the mentor. The theory argues that in the case where breaking a relationship with a mentor causes loss to trainees, the trainees do their best to ensure a maintained relationship with their mentor. The seventh proposition in this theory concerns the issue of gender in mentoring. It shows that female trainees in an organization are more likely to use communication strategies geared towards initiating, developing, and maintaining a relationship as opposed to male trainees (Grill, 2011). The ninth, which is the last proposition in the theory, suggests that mentors are likely to maintain communication strategies in a relationship that is likely

Fasciola Hepatica: Treatment and Prevention

Fasciola Hepatica: Treatment and Prevention INTRODUCTION   Fascioliasis is a helminthic disease caused by Fasciola Hepatica (liver fluke), which spans worldwide, affecting livestock such as cattle and sheep, which become infected by ingesting water or plants such as watercress, lettuce and spinach (Alatoom et al, 2008). The life cycle of Facisola Hepatica begins when eggs are excreted in the feces of an animal which has been infected. Facisola Hepatica Miricidia move on to its intermediate host (freshwater Lymnaea snail), where it develops into the cercarial form. The Cercariae then leave the snail and encyst on the vegetation of fresh water, until developing into its metacercarial stage. Grazing sheep or cattle ingest the metacercariae, the infective form excyst in the intestine, passing through the peritoneum, later gaining access to the live and bilary tree (Alatoom et al, 2008). Due to migration of the liver flukes, the liver is left necrotized which compromises the function of the liver in animals. These complications may include change in the component of blood, hepatic pathogenesis, liver trauma, decreased lactation, and death (Brennan et al, 2008). Fascioliasis has resulted in a significant loss to farmers and inturn affects the economy as a whole. To control the parasites which cause this disease, treatments such as anthelmintic drugs have been employed in some areas. But as with most drugs problems have arisen, most importantly the development of resistant in parasites to the chemical drugs (Anandaraj et al). This review paper will cover different treatments available for fasciola hepatica, how the parasites have developed a resistance to the available treatment, and new methods in which researchers are trying to combat the drug resistant parasites. Citronella oil and Neem oil For Treatment Anthelmintic drugs have been used to control fasicoliasis disease, but there has been concern over parasites and developing resistance to the drugs. Citronella oil which is collected from dried grass of the species Cymbopogan nardus, and Neem oil which is also collect from dried seeds of the species Azadirachta indic (Anandaraj et al). Experiment were conducted in vitro, exposing the liver flukes to Citronella oil, neem oil, oxyclozanide drug powder treated control and normal RPMI-1640 control at room temperature, in separate petri-dishes. After staining of the dead flukes, flukes were observed under a microscope. Results demonstrated that citronella oil demonstrate flukicidal effect which is very similar to that of oxyclozanide, which affects the tegument, intestinal caeca and uterus of the flukes. But due to no previous study of the effects of these oils on endoparasites , the mechanism by which these oils react to the parasites in not understood (Anandaraj et al). Triclabendazole Drug Treatment Triclabendazole is a drug derived of benzimidazole and is the current drug of choice in the treatment of fascioliasis. Triclabendazole has shown to target Fasciola Hepatica (liver flukes) from as early as 3 days old to fully mature stage, and more importantly, this drug has been shown to successfully eradicate liver fluke infections in humans. (Brennan et al, 2008). For this experiment Eight indoor-reared Dorset X Suffolk sheep approximately 8 to 10 months of age, with no prior liver fluke infection were collected. Sheep stool was examined for fluke eggs to ensure no prior infection to the Fasciola hepatica. The sheep were then artificially infected by oral gavage with metacercarial cysts, which have previously shown to be susceptible to the Triclabendazole drug. Dividing the sheep into two groups, two sheep were used as a control received no treatment, while six were treated with Triclabendazole four weeks after artificial infection. (Brennan et al, 2008). At each time interval 48, 72, and 96 hours, two sheep were euthanized and livers removed for examination and collection of liver flukes, this was also done for control sheep, which were euthanized after 48 hour post treatment. Visual observation demonstrated that liver flukes in the untreated sheep very active with their guts full of contents. Flukes recovered from the treated sheep after 48 hours of treatment were active and clear sign of visible contents in the gut of the liver flukes. When compared to the liver flukes of the control, these showed no differences in appearance and activity. Liver flukes recovered from sheep after 72 hours of treatment were all dead with no gut contents, except for one which displayed minimal activity and little contents in the gut. Liver flukes recovered 96 hours from sheep post-treatment were all dead, displaying a very pale grey color, with no contents within the gut (Brennan et al, 2008) It was observed that the effects of the drug progressive overtime time, affecting the flukes more severely as time passed. On observation of the liver flukes recovered 48 hours post treatment, normal morphology was noted, there was some minor swelling of the parasites tegument. On examination of the surface morphology of the dead liver flukes from sheep treated at 96 hours post-treatment, the surface of the parasites were very serve and extensive. This Included massive loss of tegument in all flukes, the basal lamina of the fluke was exposed as the entire syncytical layer had been decorticated. Lesions exposing the inner tissues of the fluke were also observed in the basal lamina. (Brennan et al, 2008) Researchers therefore concluded that treatment with Triclabendazole is effective in eradicating a vast majority of liver flukes in sheepwithin a three to four day period after treatment. The severity of the disruption of the parasites tegument increased over time, resulting in the total loss of tegumental syncytium and lesions as deep as the basal lamina (Brennan et al, 2008). One draw back of this drug is that is is prohibited in the use of animals that produce cheese intended for feeding humans (Cringoli et al, 2006). Parasite Drug Resistance and Development of New Treatment With Triciabendazole being the drug of choice for the treatment of fasciola hepatia in vetenary medicine, due to the drugs ability to fight against both juvenile and adult stages of fasciola hepatica. Over time concerns have stirred up over Triciabendazole resistant fasciola hepatia, which were first observed in Australian livestock though the mid-1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, and has now spread across Europe and most recently, Spain. The need to develop new drugs to treat fascioliasis has become a pressing issue. Some researchers have experimented with OZ78 and Artemether for the reactivity against adult fasciola hepatia resistant to Triciabendazole (Keiser et al, 2007). 30 rats were infected with 20-25 metacercarial cyst of Oberon. Oberon was reported to have low cure rates in sheep treated with Triciabendazole. 10 rats were then infected with 20-25 metacercarial cyst of cullompton isolates. Cullompton isolates were previously identified as Triciabendazole-sensitive. 12-15 weeks after infection, rats infected with Oberon isolate were treated with Artemether and OZ78. Two groups of rats were treated with triciabenazole in different dosages, and six treated with artemether and OZ78, with untreated rats as a control. Four of the rats infected with cullompton isolate were treated with triclabenazole, and six of the rats treated with cullompton isolate remained untreated with no drugs, serving as a control. 17 days after treatment, rats were euthanized and bile ducts were harvested for observation (Keiser et al, 2007). Collected results demonstrates that Triclabendazole was not suffiecient against Triclabendazole-resistant Oberon isolate of Fasiola hepatica. Though at higher dosage there was a significant worm burden reduction observed. Both Artemether and OZ78 were very effective in treating Triclabendazole-resistant isolate of Fasiola hepatica, both resulting in worm burden reduction by 100%. (Keiser et al, 2007). Efficacy and safety of New Treatment Due to promising action of artemether against liver flukes in rat models, researchers have found it necessary to study the efficacy and safety of this drug in which have been naturally unfected with fasciola hepatica (Keiser et al, 2008). Using Dairy sheep from farms in southern italy, stool samples were collect from 100 sheep, which were randomly selected. All sheep tested positive for fasciola hepatica were used in the study, with an overall collection and examination of 5 stool samples. Sheep were separated in groups depending on their weight and mean eggs count. Group one containing seven sheep remain untreated, groups two and three, containing six sheep each where orally treated with one dose of arthemether at 40 and 80 mg/kg, the last three groups four, five and six, each containing 5 sheep received 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg respectively intramuscular injections of artemether. The sheep were observed for any signs of adverse effects for a period of 8 hours, and once daily after treatment. On days 10 and 27 three to four stool samples were collected for examination for egg burden. All sheep were then slaughtered, removing livers and harvesting and counting fasciola hepatica present. Sheep exhibited no physical or clinical signs of toxicity after being treated orally or intramuscularly 8 hours post treatment. Researchers found that statistically there was no significant reduction in egg count in either oral or intermuscular drug administration, except for administration of 160 mg/kg, where a significant egg count reduction was noted and 64.9%.