Capital Punishment Costs Of The Death Penalty Essay

Capital Punishment: Costs of The Death Penalty Let us suppose that killing as a form of punishment is a moral and universally accepted practice. Would it then be acceptable to issue this irreparable sanction to a select few while allowing others, equally accountable, to avoid it? It is acceptable to our criminal justice system for it seems to be standard operating procedure. Many embrace the death penalty based on the quot;eye for an eyequot; concept. There is certainly some merit to this argument and it seems quite fair and logical. Unfortunately our use of the death penalty is neither fair nor logical. Our criminal justice systems quot;lip servicequot; to the age-old concept is an insulting disguise for such an obscurity of†¦show more content†¦The price of an execution is amazing. Naturally, for such a price, we should consider our quot;valuedquot; return. In return for an execution we receive utter incapacitation; an essential return indeed but we get the same from a life sentence at a fraction of the cost. What else do we get? Perhaps we satisfy a need for revenge. Perhaps we feel that we need to keep revenge alive at any price. After all, we pay top dollar for it. So who exactly is the target of our vengeance and why? From 1930 to 1980 executions for whites numbered 1754 compared to 2066 for blacks (Bedau 1982). In 1978 blacks claimed 4888 murder victims. Of these, 536 were white or 12% (Bedau 1982). About half the death row population was black and 85% of their victims were white (Bedau 1982). Blacks who kill whites have a 25% chance of receiving the death penalty while whites have a 0% chance of receiving it for killing a black. For a black person, killing a white person could be deadly. Our criminal justice systems use of the death penalty appears increasingly void of rationale when we consider the other prices we pay. Executions take up to fifteen years or longer (Walker 1994,106). We not only pay for executions but incarceration as well! There is also the ultimate price. In the wake of the criminal justice systems quest to lethally condemn a specific offender, some innocently accused are gassed,Show MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Of The United States961 Words   |  4 Pages Capital Punishment in the United States For centuries, capital punishment has been used as a consequence of capital crime. Criminals who have committed such crimes are subject to facing the death penalty. Pickens shares, â€Å"Capital crimes are considered to be treason or terrorist attacks against the government, crimes against property when life is threatened, and crimes against a person that may include murder, assault, and robberyRead MoreDeath Penalty for Murders1634 Words   |  6 PagesIs it justifiable and effective to murder a murderer? The death penalty is one form of severe punishment in the United States. People who have performed heinous crimes can be sentenced to capital punishment in some states; however, this type of chastisement is rarely performed. Capital punishment has more negative aspects than it has positive. The states that have legalized the death penalty face the excessive costs associated with it, which can be damaging to their economies. In addition, thereRead MoreEssay on Preserve or Outla w?1731 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has been one of the most controversial issues in American history. Its complex history demonstrates how controversial the subject is. Capital punishment is the verdict of execution as a punishment for a person or persons convicted of committing a crime. In 1972, the Supreme Court determined that capital punishment violated the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. However, this ruling did not last for long. In 1976, the courtRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Illegal1613 Words   |  7 Pages Why Capital Punishment should be illegal? The Constitution that governs our laws in America is there to protect all of the people and that includes the criminals that are on death row. The death penalty materially violates the constitutional ban against cruel and unusual punishment, the guarantees of due process of law, and of equal protection under the law. (Bedau, Hugo Adam, The Case Against the Death Penalty) This is the reason why capital punishment should be illegal in all fifty statesRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Not A Better Than Life Imprisonment1400 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment is the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime. Although capital punishment is wrong and is the killing of a human being, capital punishment is legal in thirty-two of the fifty states in the United States, meaning that the other eighteen states outlaw it as a punishment for crime. States that capital punishment is legal in all have different guidelines for what is punishable by death, but mostly murder or other capital offenses are what is punished. CapitalRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of capital punishment in the United States has been the center of a heated debate for nearly six decades. Prior to the 1960’s society accepted the idea that the interpretation of the fifth, eighth, and fourteenth amendment permitted the use of capital punishment; however, it was suggested in the 1960’s that capital punishment constituted â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment†. (www.deathpenaltyinfo.org) â€Å"In 1958, the Supreme Court had decided that the Eighth Amendment contained an evolving standardRead MoreCapital Punishment Has Always Been A Major Controversy1710 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has always been a major controversy ever since the Supreme Court ruled it constitutional. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, became extremely popular as a use of â€Å"punishment† for ones illegal actions. The death penalty was first established during 1834 for crimes committed such as â€Å"idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy, murder, manslaughter, poisoning, bestiality, sodomy, adultery, man stealing, and false witness in case rebellion† (Bohm). According to Bohm’s articleRead MoreCalifornias Death Penalty1667 Words   |  7 Pages ¿Californias Death Penalty? What are we mad about electricity rates, gasoline prices, traffic congestion and crowded schools? Were missing the point here. What were missing here is some good, old and honest anger about an issue that has been a concern for decades Ââ€" Californias Death Penalty. The Death Penalty has long been a problem in California from costs, deterrence, overcrowded prisons, execution of the innocent and so on. Then if were having all these problems why should we continue usingRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Economic, Political, And Social Impact On The United States Of America1739 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Capital punishment, also frequently referred to as the  death penalty, is a government certified practice where a person is put to death by the state as a form of punishment for a crime they have committed (Henderson, 25). Crimes that are found punishable by death are referred to as  capital crimes  or  capital offences, and commonly include offences such as murder, treason, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide (Henderson, 48-9). The term  capital  is derived from the  Latin termRead MoreShould The United States Allowed The Death Penalty?962 Words   |  4 Pagesserious crimes, and doing life without parole. I start to wonder what the impact would be if the United States allowed the death penalty to be used in all fifty states? First, I needed to view into other countries and examine why they still allow to have capital punishment in their country. Out of 196 countries in the world only 58 of those countries still embrace capital punishment. China is at the top of the list that carries out the highest executions each year than all other country. With an overpopulated

Science, Technology and Ethics in Frankenstein {written by Mary Shelley} Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Human beings make tools and techniques that do not work well for them. Technology fails human beings. They try to answer with technology, problems above problems. Frankenstein is a novel about oppressive forces. Dangerous pursuit of knowledge and cursed human inventions are the oppressive forces operating in the novel. Humanity or human beings are oppressed (literally and allegorically) in the novel. The oppressive force, the monster stands at the center of the action. He was rejected by the society. He starts dangerous activities because of his grotesque appearance and because of his perverted or abnormal manner of the creation. He is out of strange chemicals and stolen body parts. Monster is the result of dark, supernatural workings and is not the pure result of collaborative scientific efforts. This dark supernatural working is another oppressive force that troubles human beings and leads them to destruction and death. Monster is the symbol of the oppressive forces in the world that are the brain child of human beings. Several of the human inventions are powerful and destructive enough to swipe out the entire humanity from the earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Science, Technology and Ethics in Frankenstein {written by Mary Shelley} or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now What about the invention of Atom Bomb. The inventor Albert Einstein was in the same plight as experienced by Victor Frankenstein here. What good it furnished for the betterment of the humanity. Was it ever found to be genuinely beneficial for a single individual in the world? The unwanted pursuit of knowledge has presented nothing but tears, pain, separation and absolute annihilation to the world. The origin of HIV is also suspected to be the result of some devilish pursuit of knowledge and inventions (in a laboratory). The monster is the representative of this human knowledge thirst that works against its creator. The monster or the dangerous knowledge that Victor used to create the monster is the oppressive force that killed Victor’s brother, his wife and finally Victor. Monster was made by abnormal manner of creation. Abnormal knowledge track manufacture nothing but man eating monsters. Abnormal knowledge track is attempting to clone human beings. Abnormal knowledge track is destroying killing babies inside its mother. Abnormal creation has become the most popular field of study for scientists who represent Victor Frankenstein in the present world. Aggressive and wrong hunt for knowledge or inventions is yet to introduce several more oppressive forces or monsters into this world. HIV has become an oppressive force that has gone much beyond the control.

The Insider Secret on Exploratory Essay Topics Uncovered

The Insider Secret on Exploratory Essay Topics Uncovered The Unexpected Truth About Exploratory Essay Topics In fact, writing editorials is one of the very best strategies to earn awareness about wellness problems. Possessing a few writing prompts is a significant means to be certain you have the info that you're looking for. There are a lot of students that are gifted and could possibly write long documents without many problems due to their inborn skill. Probably the most crucial component to keep in thoughts on paper essay exams is you get a little period of time and room to get upon the understanding you've got together with your capability to put it to use. Essay writing is an essential area of the program. Personal essays can occasionally consist of private details which you would not need to go over. Composing a school essay doesn't require becoming a tough training. The Entrance Essay The entry essay is one of the main part of your program exercise. The course describe enable you to understand what the teacher regarded as important. Reveal a university admission official which you're heading to be a worthy student. Note it is impossible to understand how to write a college essay qualitatively should you not concentrate on structuring the work correctly from the very start. A college admissions essay isn't so difficult to create, nevertheless you should invest an important time frame on it, as it's your ticket in your fantasy school. The Fight Against Exploratory Essay Topics Essay writing isn't actually an easy occupation. So even when you believe the essay writing topic is too hard, our essay paper writers can solve it with no hassle. Any less is too weak and additionally the thesis won't be capable of uphold itself. Dissertation publishing may be a two-way visitors. Authorship a faculty essay doesn't need to be a complicated procedure Thus, you might have to compose several pages essay or maybe a fantastic research paper or possibly a dissertation that is going to be pretty tough for a number of pupils. It is rather a powerful instrument. Critiquing your vocabulary is necessary to all sorts of article. Narrative essays contain narratives that are meant to illustrate a point. Composing an essay is actually not a hard job once you comprehend the format well. It's very possible you will want to produce your own topic. There are sure factors you will need to think about when writing argumentative essays. To select decent subject for an exploratory essay, you must understand how it works first. Selecting an essay that's exploratory could possibly be hard. Top Exploratory Essay Topics Secrets From time to time, the best method to become inspired to do an essay is to find a title which you really like and think has a great deal of scope and after that write on such a topic. An overview is really a succinct paraphrase of all vital notions inside a post. Just remember your ideas ought to be logical, clear and understandable for practically any reader, therefore it is very important to offer thorough explanations, although not too lengthy ones. You will possibly strike on several intriguing ideas which you want to reveal further. You might require the help of expert article writers today! If you want help on your very own private essay writing assignment you want to work with somebody who is aware of what they are really talking about. To learn how to compose an article initially and foremost you must recognize the type of article you're going to compose. If you decide to buy article, you simply will need to complete the purchase form and we're likely to delegate an essay writer who'll create the occupation of finest quality for you.

Jean Paul Sartres Existentialist Belief, We Are...

Jean Paul Sartre is a philosopher that supports the philosophy of existentialism. Existentialism is a twentieth century philosophy that denies any crucial human nature and embraces that each of us produces our own essence through our free actions. Existentialists like Sartre believe there isn’t a God that determines people’s nature. So, existentialists believe that humans have no purpose or nature except the ones that they create for themselves. We are free and responsible for what we are and our engagements; even though we are mindful that this can cause agony. Sartre is one of the constructors of the philosophy of existence that is existentialism. Humans must first be born and exist before they are able to define their essence. He†¦show more content†¦There are always options and different paths to take in life; it is just a matter of what one is chosen by you to take. I don’t believe that there is a universal human nature that is shared by all humans in the universe. Every person is different based upon the events that occur in their lives and no everyone can experience the same things and take away the same responsibilities. The actions people take are based off of how they choose to create meaning is what makes them the kind of person they are. Even if put in a challenging situation people still are responsible for the decisions made. If you have to choose between things you still are able to choose which makes you responsible. The person you become is not everything that has happened to you, but it is everything that ha s happened and how you choose to act on it. There are many objections to Sartre’s ideas that we are completely free. The question of if our environment, our bodies, and what we are capable of is already determined then how are we completely free? What is freedom is there are already determined? Even though these things in our lives may already be determined, we are more than these things because we create who we are based off of what we make of ourselves. We find ourselves and who we are by experiences, which make us our own individual. Even though some things are already determined for us, we can do with them, as we like. We are free to make of ourselves whatever we would like,Show MoreRelatedThe Life of Jean-Paul Sartre847 Words   |  4 Pagesperson being a free and responsible person who determines his or her own development through acts of will. Existentialism is a thesis that has been discussed by some of the greatest philosophical minds ever to live. Minds such as Kierkegaard and Nietzsche all had their own view on what existentialism was and major impact on the development of this thesis. Each of these philosophies played a huge influence on a great mind that would come later on in history. That was the mind of Jean-Paul Sartre. SartreRead MoreEssay on Consciousness: Are We All In This Together?1266 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning my search for the understanding of consciousness, I chose to look into the thoughts and beliefs of Karl Marx and Jean-Paul Sartre. Marx and Sartre are similar in their philosophy in that they both agree that our existence defines the essence(s) of our consciousness, but they differ when discussing their ways of achieving consciousness. For Marx, consciousness is sought through the materials we, humans, produce through our labor and social and religious practices. Sartre, on the other handRead MoreJean Paul Sartre : The Philosophy Of Existentialism1484 Words   |  6 PagesJean Paul Sartre is a philosopher that supports the philosophy of existentialism. Existent ialism is a twentieth century philosophy that denies any crucial human nature and embraces that each of us produces our own essence through our free actions. Existentialists like Sartre believe there isn’t a God that determines people’s nature. So, existentialists believe that humans have no purpose or nature except the ones that they create for themselves. We are free and responsible for what we are and ourRead MoreExistentialism And The Beliefs Of The Movement1454 Words   |  6 PagesPalahniuk that is a good summary of existentialism and the beliefs of the movement. Existentialism was a turning point for society and literature that advocated the expansion of the minds of authors and their readers so we could improve our thinking to be more enlightened and free. The movement sparked much alternative thinking to allow our society to grow into what it is today and without it people would most likely be more close minded and less free. Existentialism was a very influen tial movement withRead MoreThe World Is Absurd And The Human Existence Of The United States1060 Words   |  5 PagesJean-Paul Sartre was an existentialist born in France in the early 1900s. He was a philosopher, novelist, and teacher who was heavily influenced by the acts of World War II. Some of his major philosophical works included Being and Nothingness and Consciousness. His works revolved around the human existence in the world. Some of his ideas could have a significant impact on education in the United States, but most are not relevant in today’s society because of the very nature of public educationRead MoreThe Rise of National Socialism Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pages(1889-1945), Frankl (1905-1997), and Sartre (1905-1980) wrote their different opinions on life and how their lives had been affected by the conditions all around them. The Holocaust was a terrible event in history, but if we take the information and learn from the mistakes made perhaps we can keep t his from happening again in the future. Three influential men wrote books on this event each with a different point of view. Hitler, in his book Mein Kampf, shows us a great demonstration of the power of persuasiveRead MoreExistentialism In Jean Paul Sartres Nausea1836 Words   |  8 Pagesindividualistic perspective and the collective, or interconnected perspective. The individualistic perspective holds that a group is made up of free thinking individuals who interact with others to form a group which is maintained by some sort of social contract. This is perhaps best exemplified in the core tenets of existentialism. In Jean Paul Sartre’s Nausea, one of the forefather texts of existentialism, the main character Roquentin expresses this idea; â€Å"I am alone in the midst of these happyRead More Existentialist Perception Of The Human Condition: With Special Reference To Sartre2435 Words   |  10 PagesExistentialist Perception Of The Human Condition: With Special Referenc e To Sartre ABSTRACT: Existentialism lays stress on the existence of humans; Sartre believed that human existence is the result of chance or accident. There is no meaning or purpose of our lives other than what our freedom creates, therefore, we must rely on our own resources. Sartre thought that existence manifests itself in the choice of actions, anxiety and freedom of the will. In this way the responsibility of buildingRead More Art, Surrealism, and the Grotesque Essay4657 Words   |  19 Pagesdesires of the id. Perhaps in no field of art criticism does Freuds name appear more frequently than in surrealism, and for various reasons, the grotesque figures very strongly in that art movement. From the association of surrealist art and Freud, we can derive a cursory understanding of the grotesque in this breed of Modernist art: the grotesque appears as an image, the content of which might traditionally be repressed, but instead, it is expressed within the controlled confines of a work

Physics Unit Notes Free Essays

Single disturbance is called a pulse A series of pulses is called a wave In the case of the impatient student, his disturbance was parallel to the direction of the wave itself. Also called a Longitudinal Wave WAVES Waves can transmit two things O Can transmit energy 0 Ex. Light waves from the sun heat the earth O Can transmit information 0 Ex. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Unit Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Radio wave When the motion of the particles is perpendicular to the motion of the wave, it is called a traverse wave Pointing down Acceleration down Wave We see the motion of the medium Soundwaves air Lightwaves = electromagnetic waves Stadium waves people Water waves - water Light waves no medium Pointing up Acceleration up Without tension, there can be no traverse waves in a medium. - Do not occur inside liquids and gases can occur on surface of water though Inner core of earth has a liquid core, because traverse waves do not got through Earthquakes can produce traverse, longitudinal, or a combination of the two. ongitudinal = compression, travel fast, primary (happen first) traverse = aves†, secondary (happen second) - longer delay between S and P waves, means greater distance from the epicenter B) C) D) Crest Trough Amplitude Wavelenght Cycle one complete wavelength Amplitude half the distance from crest and trough Wavelength - distance of one complete cycle (Sl units = meters) Period (T) time for one wavelength to pass (Sl Units = seconds) Frequency (f) number of cycles that pass by per time interval = Cycles per secon d = 1 Hertz (Hz) and Ex. f=2 Hz = T=. 5 seconds Swing? Applied force at a regular interval, causes you to go higher, high amplitude All object will vibrate of oscillate at a certain frequency called the natural frequency A pendulum (or swing) will swing back and forth at a natural frequency that depends only on it’s lenght When a system is driven at it’s natural frequency (forces applied in rhythm with the natural frequency), Physics Unit 4 Page 1 The shorter the stick, the higher the Natural frequency. natural frequency), the oscillations will get bigger. This s termed resonance. If two things have the same natural frequency, And you hit one, the second will also begin to vibrate Energy Transfer How to cite Physics Unit Notes, Papers

Cultural Similarities and Difference on Business

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Similarities and Difference on Business. Answer: Introduction In the business world, positive interaction and the good business relationship is imperative for a successful execution of the daily business operations in the global industry (Stahl Tung, 2015). The business industry unites people from different backgrounds and platforms with a mix of culture and beliefs that affect the nature of the business in several ways. In their study, Jin, Zhou and Wang (2016) points out that business deals are often lost when the parties involved do not take their ample time of learning about the culture of the other business partners before the interaction process. In the case study, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is known to be a global business destination located along the southern approach and a global transit of crude oil. The foundation of the UAE business environment is dependent on the collaboration between seven emirates that forms part of the UAE. Forces that shaped UAEs culture With a population of two million people, Ardalan (2014) denotes that UAE has emerged a truly global business center with a mix of cultures. However, only 10% of the population is Arabs while the rest of the population is foreigners who are expatriates. The most common language spoken by the citizen is Arabic and Islam as the major religion. With expatriates forming the largest population in the UAE, there was a great need for understanding how cultural similarities and differences can influence the business industry in Dubai and the global market. In the process of cultural interactions, many studies point out that multinational enterprises, organizations, and federal states often evaluates their core uniqueness on how to leverage the global market arena, a step that required a focus on the similarities across cultures as opposed to the differences. As a result, it was essential that exposition opportunities such as creating minds, creating the future helped Dubai communities opportu nities of showcasing their cultural strengths and characteristics in interacting with the foreigners. However, Gavriel (2012) denotes that the question remains on how similarities in the culture can outweigh cultural differences in the current and future business. Such expositions are essential in creating platforms for new ideas in different facets of professionalism on industrialization, cultural exchange, and national branding. Possible misunderstanding between Western-based visitors and UAE in the World Expo 2020 In their study, Stahl and Tung (2015) assert that the trend at which globalization is accelerating has caused a complete turn-around in the international trade arena. In other words, more business opportunities, as well as profits, are yet to be discovered in other countries while places like UAE that have internationally demanded products open opportunities for foreign investment. In such cases, the cultural difference becomes more effective as it people of different regions comes together to interact for better understanding as well as acceptance of the different cultures for an effective and positive relationship as well as success (Kumar, 2014). Therefore, calling awareness that motivates actions that embrace different cultures interaction among communities outweighs all the rest. However, during the World Expo 2020, Western-based visitors are likely to face challenges with the language and religion influences since most of the UAE citizens only speak Arabin and are Islams. In hi s study, Ardalan (2014) points out that cross-cultural awareness is an opportunity for businesses and international associate to adapt to the global village for effective communication and integration for current and future business. Additionally, Gavriel (2012) points out that conducting business with communities or nations from different cultures can as well impact the negotiations in case they have ongoing political disputes. Advice for Western companies considering business in the UAE for the first time According to Hardy and Tolhurst (2014), the more nations with different historical and cultural experiences interact in the global business platform, the potential for misunderstandings on different business expectations are reduced. The same study denotes that some cultures have a strong sense of nationalism as well as government pride. Huge future investments in such countries can only be comfortable and willing to purchase in such states with a government backing. Despite the advantages of cultural differences in business, it has disadvantages that can affect the performance of the current and future business. For instance, Gao (2016) denotes that the level of gender views, conservatism, and ideologies can vary greatly between cultures. In business, presenting a campaign strategy which is not in line with the specific cultural norms can easily insult the target audience resulting to hindrances of a successful campaign. As a result, any western-based company doing business in UAE f or the first time requires understanding the Islamic culture so as to effectively relate with the Arabic communities in the process of business transactions. Cultural similarities and difference on business It is hence worth concluding that cultural differences hence gives the opportunity for businesses to develop new ideas on sustainability, opportunity, mobility, and creativity that can lead to the improvement of manufacture, supply, branding, marketing, and use of products for the current and future business. However, cultural similarities limit the possible exposure of such new ideas leading to limited innovation and creativity as well as diversity in business ideas. With globalization, technological advancements, and stiff competition in the global market, the word has been united into a small village that is made up of different cultures that need to interact effectively for a successful future business relationship. Conclusion Sharing the cultural differences and values between such communities hence enable positive business relationships while sharing business ideas that can transform the business performance to meet the global standards (Schuster Copeland, 2015). In my opinion, cultural similarities cannot outweigh cultural differences but will instead limit the interaction process and sharing of ideas when in business centers such as UAE where the majority of the population differs in culture but need to interact for a common goal of successful business positively. References Ardalan, K. (2014). Globalization and culture: Four paradigmatic views. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(5), 513-534. doi:10.1108/03068290910954013 Gao, X. (2016). Cultural differences between East Asian and North American in temporal orientation.Review Of General Psychology,20(1), 118-127. doi:10.1037/gpr0000070 Gavriel, M. (2012). Cultural Similarities and Differences: Impacts on Performance in Strategic Partnerships, inCary L. Cooper,Sydney Finkelstein(ed.)Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions (Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions, Volume 10)Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.55 74 Hardy, C., Tolhurst, D. (2014). Epistemological Beliefs and Cultural Diversity Matters in Management Education and Learning: A Critical Review and Future Directions.Academy Of Management Learning Education,13(2), 265-289. doi:10.5465/amle.2012.0063 Jin, J. L., Zhou, K. Z., Wang, Y. (2016). Exploitation and Exploration in International Joint Ventures: Moderating Effects of Partner Control Imbalance and Product Similarity.Journal Of International Marketing,24(4), 20-38. doi:10.1509/jim.15.0164 Kumar, V. (2014). Understanding Cultural Differences in Innovation: A Conceptual Framework and Future Research Directions.Journal Of International Marketing,22(3), 1-29. Schuster, C. P., Copeland, M. J. (2015). Executive Insights: Global Business Exchanges -- Similarities and Differences Around the World.Journal Of International Marketing,7(2), 63-80. Stahl, G.K. Tung, R. (2015). Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 46, 391-414.